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In those studies the experimental value of N js was obtained using a variety of techniques such as the abovementioned Zwietering's visual observation method (Brown et al., 2004 Teoman et al., 2021a Ye et al., 2019 Zwietering, 1958), solids sampling Bourne and Sharma, 1974 Oldshue and Sharma, 1992), steady cone radius measurements (Brucato et al., 2010 Tamburini et al., 2012a Tamburini et al., 2011a), pressure gauge technique Kutukcu and Ayranci, 2019 Lassaigne et al., 2016 Micale et al., 2002 Selima et al., 2018), electrode conductivity method (Shirhatti et al., 2007), positron emission particle tracking (Windows-Yule et al., 2020 Ye et al., 2019), gamma-ray densitometry (Jafari et al., 2012), imaging techniques (Teoman et al., 2021a), and electrical resistance tomography (Ricard et al., 2005 Teoman et al., 2021b). As a result, significant work has been conducted on the experimental determination of N js resulting in empirical or semi-empirical correlations expressing N js as a function of the relevant geometric and operational variables (Aravinth et al., 1996 Barresi and Baldi, 1987 Chapman et al., 1983 Chudacek, 1985Chudacek,, 1986Conti et al., 1981 Gray, 1987 Grenville et al., 2016 Grenville et al., 2015 Ibrahim and Nienow, 1999 Jafari et al., 2012 Myers and Bakker, 1998 Myers et al., 1994a Myers and Fasano, 1992 Myers et al., 1994b Nienow, 1968 Oldshue and Sharma, 1992 Raghava Rao and Joshi, 1988 Takahashi and Fuhita, 1995 Tamburini et al., 2014a Tay et al., 1984 Windows-Yule et al., 2020 Ye et al., 2019 Zwietering, 1958).
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Knowing the value of N js is important since operating below this agitation speed may cause partial solids settling, resulting in aggregation, agglomeration, inhomogeneity, and leading to possible poor product quality (Jaszczur and Młynarczykowska, 2020 Loubière et al., 2019).